Product Sustainability Index

FordS-MAX FordGalaxy

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Foreword

Sustainable development is one of the key global issues facing society in the 21st century. Ford Motor Company sees this issue as not only a key business challenge but also as an important opportunity to facilitate sustainable growth in our business. Sustainability is one of managements central responsibilities and high on the list of our corporate values. Demonstrating that we put sustainability at the heart of everything we do is Ford of Europes new Product Sustainability Index (PSI). The Ford PSI is the first example in the automotive industry of how sustainability can be integrated into mainstream product development. The main challenges of sustainable development or for us, sustainable mobility - are to continuously make our products more sustainable by further reducing their environmental impact, enhancing their value to society and keeping our focus on efficiency and affordability. And this along the entire life-cycle of our products. As several of the challenges involve a multitude of - often conflicting - issues, we felt it necessary to develop a comprehensive range of vehiclerelated sustainability criteria and integrate them right at the beginning of our product development process. From this was born the Ford PSI. The new Ford Galaxy and Ford S-MAX are the first vehicles developed using this new holistic approach. All future Ford of Europe vehicles will also be developed with PSI in mind, as revealed with the new Ford Mondeo this year. I am proud of my team they are developing good-looking, desirable passenger vehicles whose environmental and societal characteristics and affordability have been improved compared to previous models. I am also proud that the integrity of the Ford PSI initiative has been confirmed by independent, external assessments. Furthermore, our work and results are in line with international standards such as the ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment Standard. Fords Product Sustainability Index will help make mobility more sustainable. However, it is also clear that to fully address this issue, society will increasingly need a fully-integrated approach with all stakeholders in the transport sector contributing. We are all part of the problem, and we are all part of the solution.
John Fleming, President and CEO, Ford of Europe

Contents

2.1 2.2 2.3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4.1 4.8 Executive Summary Product Sustainability Index Introduction PSI Method PSI Implementation Life Cycle Aspects Introduction Definition of Goal and Scope Environmental Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Cost Data Inventory Life Cycle Impact Assessment and directional Life Cycle Costing Result Interpretation Ford Galaxy and S-MAX Product Sustainability Index Scaling Ford Galaxy and S-MAX PSI Results References Acronyms Appendix ISO 14040 Critical Review of Vehicle Options (full independent report) 32 34

1. Executive Summary

Ford of Europe introduced a sustainability management tool, the Ford Product Sustainability Index (hereafter PSI) into the product development of the new Ford Galaxy and Ford S-MAX. Fords PSI considers environmental, economic and societal aspects based on: xternally reviewed environmental and cost aspects E such as a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost xternally certified aspects such as an allergy-tested E interior ther relevant aspects, including sustainable materiO als, safety, mobility capability and noise The new Ford Galaxy and Ford S-MAX show significant improvements over the previous model Galaxy regarding the lifecycle air quality* , use of sustainable materials, restricted substances and safety. Their affordability (Lifecycle Cost of Ownership) has also been improved when looking at comparable engine types. Thus, Ford can show that indicators from all three major areas of sustainability - environment, social and economic - have been improved. Following the S-MAX and Galaxy, all future Ford of Europe vehicles will be developed in line with PSI, including the 2007 Ford Mondeo.
* overing certain air emissions (for example NOx, VOC) along the life cycle, i.e. from raw material extraction via production and use through to recovery of the vehicle. PSI also shows to C what extent CO2 equivalent emissions are reduced along the vehicle life cycle.

2. Product Sustainability Index 2.1 Introduction
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland Commission; [1]). The concept is to improve environmental, societal and economic aspects simultaneously. Within this context, Chairman William Clay Ford Jr. said, Ford Motor Company once provided the world with mobility by making it affordable. In the 21st century, we want to continue to provide the world with mobility by making it sustainable (Bill Ford [2]). Ford of Europes PSI is one way to implement this vision. It defines a workable number of key, controllable product attributes that define the sustainability of a vehicle from a Product Development (PD) perspective. Other Ford of Europe sustainability indices, for example, the Manufacturing Sustainability Index (MSI), present the perspectives of their relevant areas. Each main functional group of Ford of Europe translates the meaning of sustainability to their own area. This is the best way to allocate understanding, ownership and responsibilities in a complex organization (Fig 2-1). In 2002, Ford of Europe began the planning and implementation of the PSI. PD needs very long lead times, longer than any other functions changes in methods take several years to trickle through buy-in, cycle planning, kick-off, development and launch. PD also has a greater impact on our products in the use phase than any other single in-house factor.
Figure 2-1: Functional organization of sustainability Ford of Europe

Manufacturing

Green Operations Strategy
Product Manufacturing and Distribution

Human Resources

Responsible Employer Strategy
Internal Stakeholder Relationships

Sustainability

Integrated Product Strategy

Our Product

Product Development

Central Departments

Responsible Business Strategy
External Stakeholder Relationships

2.2 PSI Method

There is not yet an agreed international standard for measuring product sustainability. However, the PSI indicators chosen by Ford are partially based on the ISO 14040 (Life Cycle Assessment - LCA) standard. The Ford PSI is unique in the automotive industry and no automobile manufacturing company has published similar approaches before. However, there are some examples in other industries and organizations of sustainability practices in use. These examples have allowed us to deduce, develop and improve upon the principles they have followed. The PSIs initial methodology was developed by Ford Corporate Citizenship and environmental personnel starting in 2001. Following discussions with PD and modifications, it was approved in autumn 2002 by the Product Development vice president and his senior management team. The new Ford S-MAX and the new Ford Galaxy are the results of these pilot programs. All Ford of Europe vehicles kicked-off following these two vehicles are and will be developed using the PSI. The principles defining what had to be covered by the PSI were management and methodologically driven: ll relevant environmental, social, and economic issues have to A be addressed nly issues that are mainly influenced by Product Development O will be dealt with he main issues must be integrated from a product perspective T tatus-tracking must be possible based on readily available S product development data ottom-line issues must be addressed, not single technologies B (i.e. overall Life Cycle performance, not discussions of the use of certain, specific technologies) Business principles must be integrated Other issues relating to sustainable mobility - service aspects, in particular - are not covered by the PSI because they cannot be dealt with at the engineering level. Legal compliance issues including tailpipe emission standards, recyclability, and phasing out of heavy metals for example, are not covered within PSI as these are mandatory regulatory issues. Fords PSI is split into eight different indicators. This is considered the maximum number of issues that could be dealt with effectively by management. The PSI cannot be reduced to a single final score - sustainability is by definition not a one-dimensional issue. It is always measured by various sets of indicators. There is no reasonable way to combine aspects as diverse as safety, use of recycled materials, and cost into one number. This would require, for example, a socially acceptable weighting of their relative importance. Global companies with global markets face the challenge of being confronted by differing values in their various markets and production locations. A single weighting of the relative importance will never be universally suitable for all regions [3].

3.2.2 Life Cycle Description
The general scope of the life cycle studies is displayed in Figure 3-2.
Material Resources Energy Resources
Energy Materials Parts Vehicle Vehicle
Fuel Vehicle use Refrigerant, other fluids EOL-Vehicle

End-of-life

Energy Recycling Energy recovery Landfill
Emissions to Air Emissions to Water* Emissions to Soil*
Recycled Materials, Recovered Energy, Scrap to saturate primary materials
*Only for verification LCA shortly prior to the launch of the vehicle

e Pric

Revenues Cost

Cost Revenues

Use Vehicle(s) Customer(s)

End-of-life actor(s)

Revenues
End-of-life actor(s) dual Resi lue Va
Figure 3-2: System boundaries of the environmental LCA (top) and economic (middle) life cycle respectively Cost of Ownership (CoO) studies (figures based on [6], [8])
Table 3-1 outlines the processes included in the different life cycle stages.

Included

Production Phase
Raw Material Extraction Material Production Material Processing (general) Paint and Assembly Process (vehicle specific) Energy Process Waste Management

Not Included

Reason for Omission
* * * * * * (oil, R134a)

LCC LCC

Use Phase
Fuel Production and Consumption Maintenance Material Production Other Maintenance Processes Vehicle Taxation and Insurance Energy Process Waste Management (Maintenance)

(other)

LCA LCA No data and no differences assumed Not applicable Not applicable No data and no differences assumed
CoO LCC, LCA LCC LCC, LCA LCC, LCA LCA/C CoO LCA, CoO CoO CoO

End of Life

Residual Value Shredding Dismantling Recovery / Recycling Processes Disposal Process Transport Process Energy Process Supplementary Materials LCC, LCA Not applicable Not applicable Not significant for LCA [6] Not applicable Not applicable Not significant for LCA [6] Not applicable Not significant for LCA [6]
*The economic Life Cycle studies are based on a vehicle price that is assumed to sufficiently cover all upstream activities.

Figure 3-5: Life Cycle Impact Assessment results for the studied Ford vehicles (See acronyms p.32)
Ford Galaxy 2.0 Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 Ford S-MAX 2.0 TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy, 1.9l TDI Ford Galaxy 2.0 Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 Ford S-MAX 2.0 TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy, 1.9l TDI Ford Galaxy 2.0 Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 Ford S-MAX 2.0 TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy, 1.9l TDI Ford Galaxy 2.0 Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 Ford S-MAX 2.0 TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy, 1.9l TDI Ford Galaxy 2.0 Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 Ford S-MAX 2.0 TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy, 1.9l TDI Ford Galaxy 2.0 Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 Ford S-MAX 2.0 TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy, 1.9l TDI Ford Galaxy 2.0 Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 Ford S-MAX 2.0 TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy, 1.9l TDI Ford Galaxy 2.0 Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 Ford S-MAX 2.0 TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy, 1.9l TDI Ford Galaxy 2.0 Ford Galaxy 2.0 TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 Ford S-MAX 2.0 TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy, 1.9l TDI

[t CO2 eq]

[10 SO2-eq kg]

[kg PO4-eq]

[kg Ethene eq]

[kg R11 eq]

Resource depletion

[t oil eq]

[t Sb-eq]

(total; t)

(hazardous; t)
3.4.3 Life Cycle Costing Result (Estimated)
Based on the inventory of cost (Table 3-6) and the discounting rules a kind of cost impact assessment is done showing the current value of the various cost through the life cycle (Table 3-7).
Table 3-7: Theoretical Life Cycle Costs (directional, no guarantee)
Theoretical cost along the product life cycle
Price , options* Discounted use phase cost * (3 years) Residual value after 3 years* (forecast) Discounted use phase cost * (12 years) EOL cost

(consumer,Ford)*

Ford Galaxy 2.0L gasoline
27,475 8,938 60% 28,Min - 59 22,525
29,825 8,498 60% 26,Min - 67 23,248
29,700 8,707 56% 27,Min - 65 24,396
25,800 8,870 61% 26,Min - 60 21,412 28,150 8,389 61% 27,Min - 68 22,073 56,021
Discounted Theoretical ELV profits* (operators) Theoretical Cost of Ownership* (3 years)
55,569 56,525 57,062 52,164 Theoretical LCC* (12 years) * Estimated value for one selected European market, no guarantee that the cost reflect market conditions.

Table 3-8: Main contributing substance and material flows for the investigated impact categories
Ford Ford Galaxy Galaxy 2.0L TDCi 2.0L gasoline with DPF Acidification potential ( AP, CML 2001)
Nitrogen oxides Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides COD (water) Total organic bond carbon Carbon dioxide 54.5% 44.3% 52% 36.2% 7.0% 68.4% 30.6% 63.1% 28.5% 5.2%
76.5% 22.8% 77.5% 29.6% 4.3%
Ford Ford S-MAX S-MAX 2.0L 2.0 l TDCi gasoline with DPF
54.7% 44.1% 52.5% 35.5% 7.1% 68.8% 30.3% 63.8% 27.8% 5.2%
Eutrophication potential (EP, CML 2001)
Global warming potential (GWP 100 years, CML 2001)
96.9% 96.4% 96.7% 96.9% 96.4%

20 PSI

Halon (1301) Carbon monoxide NMVOC (unspecified) Nitrogen Oxides 97.8% 10.5% 81.5% 2.6%

96.9% 7.1% 82.0% 5.0%

97.6% 8.2% 79.1% 7.7%
97.8% 10.7% 81.6% 2.6% 97.7% 7.2% 82.0% 5.0%
Ozone depletion potential (ODP, CML 2001) Photochemical oxidant potential (POCP, CML 2001)

Waste (total)

Sludge (oil exploration) Overburden (mining) Tailings (ore processing) 4.5% 69% 24.8% 4.5% 67.6% 25.9% 4.1% 71% 22.5% 4.5% 69.2% 24.6% 4.5% 67.8% 25.7%
Important Notes: Regarding POCP: the methodology suggests impacts for both NOx and VOCs. This is to reflect the ozone creation potential under both common sets of atmospheric conditions that lead to ozone creation: those where NOx is the limiting factor and those where VOCs are the limiting factor. For total waste, the amount of mining waste for precious metals (potentially too low) and for talcum (potentially too high) is seen as questionable, that is, the total waste figures for these should be interpreted with some care.
For Ozone Depletion Potential, the low emissions of Halon can be predominantly traced back to potentially out-dated crude oil production process information about the use of Halon in [11] that should have been updated in the meantime. Due to this potential inaccuracy, ODP is not used for further interpretation. Regarding the economics (Table 3-7), the vehicle price represents 54 to 57% of the overall life cycle cost over 12 years for all vehicles. The share of the fuel cost is assumed to be below 50% of all use phase cost for these assumptions.
3.5.3 Monte-Carlo, Break-even and Scenario Analysis
The assumed mileage of the vehicles has been varied in the study. This factors variation is crucial and it strongly influences those environmental impacts dominated by the use phase. Mileage in particular is a decisive factor for the comparison between vehicles with varying fuel economies (i.e. diesel vs. gasoline). While the production impacts of the diesel vehicles studied is slightly higher than those of the gasoline engines (especially because more metals are needed for a diesel engine, see Table 3-4), the overall environmental performance of the diesels is better when considering the environmental categories where the use phase dominates, GWP and POCP. Here, the reduced impacts during the use phase are more than make up for the additional production impacts (break-even is below 25,000 km for all vehicles except for the previous Galaxy which needs a few thousand kilometers more). The differences between the gasoline vehicles are insignificant, while between the diesel engines there is a remarkable difference between the POCP of the new Galaxy compared to the previous one due to the higher tailpipe emissions of the older, Euro 3 Galaxy.

Figure 3-6 GWP and POCP of the Ford vehicles studied, considering a range of mileages.
Ford Galaxy 2.0 l Ford S-MAX 2.0 l 30000 -> kg Ethene eq -> kg CO2-eq 0 -> km 300000 Ford Galaxy 2.0 l TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 l TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy 1.9 l TDI Ford Galaxy 2.0 l Ford S-MAX 2.0 l Ford Galaxy 2.0 l TDCi Ford S-MAX 2.0 l TDCi Prior Ford Galaxy 1.9 l TDI

-> km 0

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Various Monte-Carlo analyses have been performed. One looked at the impact of changing the data for fuel economy by +/- 10% (due to uncertainties in actual air-conditioning consumption) and refrigerant leakage (new test procedures, etc.) and the fuel price by -10% to + 50%. The standard deviation across all vehicles is displayed in Table 3-9.
Table 3-9: Standard deviations based on Monte-Carlo Analysis looking at changes in use phase assumptions (1500 simulation runs)

Impacted Flow

Use phase cost ()* Abiotic Depletion (ADP) Resource depletion (EUROMAT) Acidification Potential (AP) Eutrophication Potential (EP) Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) Waste (total) Waste (hazardous EWC) Primary Energy Demand

Standard Deviation

12.20% 3.02% 3.82% 1.57% 0.97% 3.85% 3.07% 1.67% 3.17% 3.85%
* not discounted, use phase cost only only covers 50% of the overall LCC. This is the highest standard deviation due to additional uncertainties (quantity and cost of fuels can vary) All LCIA and LCI standard deviations refer to the full life cycle.
Obviously, the impact of changes affecting the use phase is less important for EP, AP and total waste while other indicators are more strongly affected. The sensitivity of use phase assumptions is highest for the calculated cost since additional uncertainties are covered (alongside varying fuel economy and leakage rates that affect both LCA and LCC, fuel prices also play a role). Another source of uncertain base data is the material composition of the vehicles (no final data available during the product development, late changes, etc.). Besides changing fuel economy data, this has been one of the reasons for the differences in the results from start (KO) to the end of the development process (CC) see Figure 3-3. The maximum difference resulting from these changes is up to 8% for GWP and POCP when considering also differences in the material production and painting/assembly data. This can be seen as a good surrogate for a significance criterion. That is, differences below 8% are not seen as significant for GWP and POCP the same value as analyzed for total waste, but care is necessary due to the abovementioned data uncertainties based on dominance analysis. The respective values for AP, EP and resource depletion are up to 7% while the differences for ADP

and hazardous waste are much higher (ADP= 10-15%) due to the very specific linkages to the various types of materials. These thresholds will be used to analyze the significance of differences. Taking the required minimum threshold of 8% (GWP, POCP, total waste), 7% (AP, EP) and 15% (ADP), the following differences can be considered significant: Galaxy 2.0l TDCi is environmentally superior to Galaxy 2.0l in terms of GWP (break-even around 20,000km mileage but significant break-even (i.e. min. 8% better) after 82,000 km), POCP (significant break-even after 37,000 km) as well as AP and EP (significant break-even2 already at 0 km) Galaxy 2.0l TDCi is environmentally superior to the previous Galaxy 1.9l TDI in terms of POCP (break-even 70,000km; significant break-even 2 at around 450,000 km), AP and EP (significant break-even 2 already at 0 km) S-MAX 2.0l TDCi is environmentally superior to S-MAX 2.0l in terms of GWP (break-even around 20,000km mileage but significant break-even2 (i.e. min 8% better) after 82,000 km), POCP (significant break-even 2 after 37,000 km) as well as AP and EP (significant break-even 2 already at 0 km)

22 PSI

All new developed vehicles result in less total waste compared to previous Galaxy (significant break-even 2 below 100,000 km). Considering the economic aspects, there are huge uncertainties around end-of-life profits [4], but their overall impact is negligible (below 0.2%) of the total LCC. More significant is the uncertainty for the real insurance cost (highly dependent on personal contracts), real maintenance cost (theoretical values are worst case assumptions), fuel consumption cost (see Table 3-9) and mileage. Economic break-even conditions can be deduced from the following: Diesel versions are economically preferable beyond 255,000 km over 12 years for the assumed yearly fuel, insurance and maintenance cost or around 200,000 km with cost at 50% of those assumed in the main scenario. The new diesel Galaxy version is economically preferable beyond 250,000 km (S-MAX around 240,000 km) over 12 years for the assumed yearly fuel, insurance and maintenance cost but an interest rate of 4%.
The new diesel versions are economically preferable beyond 160,000 km over 12 years for the assumed yearly fuel, insurance and maintenance cost but an interest rate of 4% and 50% higher fuel prices than assumed in the main scenario. The elasticity of results is larger for the LCC calculations than for the LCA calculations (compare [4]) as there is an additional set of assumptions for the LCC calculations i.e. type of insurance cost, fuel prices and interest rates that represent additional sources of uncertainty while these aspects have no impact on the LCA result.

24 PSI

4 Ford Galaxy and S-MAX Product Sustainability Index 4.1 Scaling
Traditionally, sustainability indicators are shown in a radar diagram. The scaling of the eight axes has been chosen according to the following principles: he higher the number the better. T he scaling refers to the passenger vehicle range of Ford of T Europe without SUVs - Sub-B (Ford Ka) through V (Ford Galaxy). By doing so, all Ford of Europe vehicles can be compared using the same scaling. Some of the different functionalities (mobility capability, safety) are reflected by the different indicators. NB The varying levels of comfort are not considered in this analysis. That means a lower PSI score does not allow the interpretation of preferences since not all relevant aspects could be considered. or the life cycle related indicators, the lowest figure (0%) F represents the Ford of Europe vehicle with the highest environmental and cost impacts (worse vehicles by other companies are not considered a suitable benchmark). 0% is set at the theoretically best in industry vehicle in the 8 Sub-B to V segment. 00% is going beyond the current best-in-industry level 1 leaving room for improvement towards sustainability.
Table 4-1: Scaling of PSI indicators

Indicator1

Life Cycle Global Warming Life Cycle Air Quality Sustainable Materials Substance Management Drive-by-Noise Safety Mobility Capability Theoretical Life Cycle Cost4

0% scaling

65.587 kg CO2-eq 58.3 kg Ethene-eq 0% 6 points 82 dB(A) see below5 0.216 35,508

80% scaling

17.500 kg CO2-eq 22.9 kg Ethene-eq 14.9% 12,5 points 65 dB(A) see below5 0.7 10,984

Vehicles

Previous Galaxy 2.8l V6 autom. / 2002 vehicle2 Previous Galaxy 2.8l V6 autom. / 2002 vehicle2 Worst case / best case assumptions3 See below Best / Worst homologated value by KBA Several vehicles See below Previous Galaxy 2.8l V6 automatic / Ka Student
alculated using the same assumptions, calculation rules and tools for all vehicles. Life Cycle data cannot be compared to other c studies due to varying sets assumptions. Best performing vehicle sold in Europe in 2002 when the PSI was piloted (no longer on the market) 3 orst case assumption: 0 kg natural fibers, 0 kg recycled material W Best case assumption: 15.3 kg natural fibers (best competitor), 25.1 kg actual used non-metallic recycled materials (Ford Mondeo). 4 years of ownership plus vehicle price (representing the up-stream cost) minus the residual value (representing the down-stream 3 cost aspects). Ford Motor Company does not guarantee that the cost reflect actual market conditions. 5 Internal, complex safety indicator including EuroNCAP rating.

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Substance Management: For restricted substances in particular those substances listed in the Global Automotive Declarable Substance List (http://www. gadsl.org) - the following methodology and scaling is used:
Table 4-2: Criteria for the PSI indicator Substance Management (max 15 points)
Substance Management Criteria

Points

0 = no or 1 = yes 1 = limited (e.g. only legal status), 2 = GADSL (www.gadsl.org), or 3 = covers automatically all carcinogenic, other issues e.g. by listing also effect groups 0 = none, 1 = only for key components, 2 = IMDS equivalent, or 3 = Reinforcement in case of non-complying suppliers 0 = no focus, 1 = at best legal compliant, 2 = proactive, or 3 = prepared for new EC chemical policy
Company related rating (max 10 points) Substance Management List exist Coverage of RSL

Reinforcement of RSL

Performance of substance risk management
Vehicle related rating (max 5 points) Smell rating Clean Compartment Features (adding all features covered in the vehicles) 0 = unpleasant smell, 1 = not unpleasant smell 0 = none, 1 point = pollen filter, 1,5 points = PremAir (trademark of Engelhard) equivalent, 2 points incoming air completely filtered (activated carbon), 1 point = EcoTex label, 2 point = complete interior third party labeled covering allergenic aspects
The 80% best-in-industry value is defined by Ford Focus and Ford Focus C-MAX, the vehicles with the first third-party certified, allergy-tested interior.
Mobility Capability Mobility capability is an indicator that will soon undergo further development. The necessary data for an extension are not currently available at all gateways of the vehicle development process. In the interim, the indicator reflects the relationship between: he sum of a weighted number of seats and luggage compartT ment to reflect the capacity to carry passengers and luggage. The weighting factor is 1 for the first and second seat, 0,6 for the third, 0,36 for the fourth, 0,216 for the 5th, 0,1296 for the 6th, 0,07776 for the 7th, 0,046656 for the 8th and 0,027994 for the 9th seat. This factor of 60% for each additional seat beyond the
first two seats is reflecting the declining average usage of seats. hadow area (length x width of vehicle including exterior mirrors) S to reflect the necessary parking area. ultiplied by 1 (none) or 1,2 (mobility service components M included that help drivers to by-pass traffic jams), 1,6 (mobility service components that direct drivers to free parking lots and help in intermodality) The assumption for the 80% value is for a vehicle with a shadow area of 3,75 m2, 2 seats and a 180 l luggage compartment. The worst case is based on a shadow area of 9,94 m2, 2 seats and a 140 l luggage compartment.

26 PSI

4.2 Ford Galaxy and S-MAX PSI Results
The resulting PSIs for Ford Galaxy and S-MAX are based on the abovementioned methodology and scaling, the engineering and technical data of the studied vehicles, the Life Cycle study as reviewed by an independent, external LCA expert as well as the TV certified, allergy-tested interior of the new Ford Galaxy and S-MAX. These figures are scaled by the values provided earlier and transferred in a radar diagram to enable a visual assessment of the areas of improvement over the previous Galaxy and the relative performance compared to the best-in-industry levels for all passenger vehicle segments. The new Galaxy and S-MAX show significantly improved performance regarding the use of sustainable materials, restricted substances and safety. Looking at the same engine types, the affordability (Life Cycle Cost) has been also improved based on the assumptions. Thus, indicators from all three dimensions of sustainability have been improved.

30 PSI

6 Acronyms
A/C Air Quality Potential ADP AP BUWAL CC COD CoO DPF EuroNCAP EFR EOL EP Euro 3 / 4 EWC FoE GADSL GWP HFC IISI IMA IMDS ISO 14040 KO LCA LCC LCI LIRECAR NOx MSI ODP PA PD POCP PP PR PSI R134a RESI SC SETAC SiC SO2 VI VIAQ VOC WVM Air-Conditioning System See POCP Abiotic Resource Depletion Potential - Issue of sustainable availability of materials Acidification Potential - Issue of acid rain leading e.g. to fish population losses in certain lakes Swiss Environmental Agency Gateway in product development: Change Cut-off Chemical Oxygen Demand Cost of Ownership Diesel Particulate Filter European New Car Assessment Program http://www.euroncap.com/ European Ferrous Recovery & Recycling Federation End-of-Life Eutrophication Potential - Issue of an excessive addition of nutrients to the environment affecting e.g. biodiversity European Emission standards European Waste Catalogue Ford of Europe Global Automotive Declarable Substance List (http://www.gadsl.org) Global Warming Potential (measured as kg CO2-equivalent emissions) - Issue of climate change Hydrofluorocarbon (see R134a below) International Iron and Steel Institute International Magnesium Association International Management Data System http://www.mdsystem.com International Standard about Life Cycle Assessment Gateway in product development: Kick-off Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Costing Life Cycle Inventory LCA study Light and Recyclable Car [6] Nitrogen Oxides Ford of Europess Manufacturing Sustainability Index Ozone Depletion Potential - Issue of reducing the stratospheric ozone layer protecting life on earth from harmful UVB sun-light Gateway in product development Program Approval Product Development Photochemical Creation Potential (Summer Smog; measured as kg Ethene-equivalent emissions covering for example NOx, VOC etc.) Polypropylene (plastic) Gateway in product development Program Readiness Ford of Euorpes Product Sustainability Index Refrigerant of air-conditioning (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluorethan) Responsible Employer Sustainability Index Gateway in product development: Strategic Confirmation Society of Environmental Toxicology And Chemistry Silicon Carbide Sulfur Dioxides Vehicle Integration Vehicle Interior Air Quality Volatile Organic Compounds German Association of Metal Industries

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7 Appendix Additional Dominance and Sensitivity Analysis
In addition to the analysis in the main body of this document, an analysis of the contributing processes was undertaken to better understand the life cycle model and the underlying data (Table 91). Please note that the percentages reflect the percentage of the process mentioned, not the relative share (due to credits these numbers can differ from those shown in Life Cycle Phase related dominance analysis).
Table 9-1: Main contributing processes to in investigated impact categories

8.3.2.2 Accessibility to Original Data
The accessibility to the original data was not, per se, granted, nor could it be in a review of such limited scope, though all data postLIRECAR has been provided. However, the Chairman of the review panel asked for supplemental evaluations to evaluate the Ford LCA with similar LCAs he has reviewed and carried out in the immediate past (e.g. Trucks). Given this, it was decided to request from Ford a sensitivity analysis on the loss rate of refrigerant. Ford, and in particular Dr. Schmidt, carried out such a sensitivity analysis, specifically looking at the effect of doubling the refrigerant loss assumption. Furthermore, Prof. David Hunkeler chairman of the review panel was a member of the three-person review of LIRECAR, for which some of the baseline data of the present Ford evaluation were derived. He has, therefore, meticulously evaluated the one hundred plus pages of inventory data provided by the LIRECAR consortium and is convinced that the data, software used to analyze the information and assumptions made are reasonable and consistent with similar LCAs carried out for automobiles or, in general, products for which the use phase dominates. The references are appropriate.

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8.3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
The LCIA, has been carried out in accordance to accepted methods, employing standard data, and using common tools. The overall approach is also acceptable.
8.3.3.1 General Comments on LCIA
LCIA, according to ISO 14042 (2000), consists of several steps, both mandatory and optional: election of impact categories, category indicators and characS terization models (mandatory) ssignment of LCI results (classification, mandatory) A alculation of category indicator results (characterization, C mandatory) alculation of the magnitude of category indicator results with C relative to reference information (normalization, optional) rouping (optional) G eighting (optional, not allowed for comparative assertions W made available to the public) ata quality analysis (mandatory for comparative assertions D made available to the public)

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8.6 RECOMMENDATIONS
Overall, the reviewers have found the Ford LCA to be a very well carried out study in accordance with various norms. In light of the positive tone of this reply, the following recommendation is aimed at the long-term evolution and upgrading of the PSI tool. The generic life cycle inventory data, used within the LCA, should be periodically monitored and validated. This long term evolution should be carried out for data elements clearly above the threshold (so called hot-spots in LCA parlance). While recognizing the difficulty that requesting data from suppliers entails, periodic validation of key materials and, perhaps also components, should be viewed as a means to improve the dialogue with the supply chain, a key element in life cycle management, and not as a bureaucratic exercise. The PSI tool can be, in good conscience, used as a benchmarking tool for Fords automobiles. Should, over time, the LCI significantly change, one should re-calculate the existing reference vehicles according to any modified PSI.

Contacts

Contact for content related questions: Dr. Wulf-Peter Schmidt, Ford of Europe, Germany 50725 Kln, Henry Ford Str.1 wschmi18@ford.com, + 9016202 Media contact: Adrian Schmitz, Ford of Europe, Germany 50725 Kln, Henry Ford Str.1 aschmi24@ford.com + 9019929
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FordS-MAX

FordGalaxy

07-2007

2009 Drive one Drive Experience

Ford S-Max

he Ford S-MAX is born from an entirely new vehicle architecture driven by T Ford Motor Companys Global Platform initiative. he S-MAX, is designed to be a distinctly different vehicle, combining elements T of a sports car and multi-activity vehicle, and using kinetic design cues to stress its sporty personality. he athletic side profile of the Ford S-MAX makes this easy to see. The fast roof line T arching into the hood, the pronounced wheel arches with trailing-edge vents and the distinctive kick-up to the rear of the window glass area all help to indicate that this is a dynamic vehicle. he front end of the Ford S-MAX is characterized by its distinctively angled nose and T dynamic headlamps which give it a purposeful appearance. Fog lamps are placed inbound and high on the front bumper, giving the vehicle a sporty look. he rear design of the S-MAX was given more of a surround feel, moving away from T traditional square look often found in vehicles of this type. The large wrap-round tail lamps follow the bottom edge of the screen and feature clear, louvered upper lenses with red lower lenses. n the S-MAX, the driver enjoys a cockpit driving position. This naturally feels more I involved and is complemented by a flow-through console and sports seats.

Ford Mondeo

ince the original car was launched in 1993, Mondeo has been a key model in the S Ford range. To date we have almost four million Mondeo customers with a wide range of wants and needs. he Mondeo has been developed around Fords Product Sustainability Index initiative, T which takes into account the entire product cycle, from materials to the ecology of our manufacturing sites, the vehicle itself including emissions and safety, the cost of ownership and end-of-life equations. he Mondeo is one of the most technologically-advanced cars we have ever launched. T It features a host of new affordable features a new generation of Fords HMI cluster, a capless refueling system and Adaptive Cruise Control all of which have placed the new car in a different league to its predecessors. ord is boosted its Mondeo ECOnetic range with the introduction of a six-speed, F 2.0-litre, 115PS model the lowest CO2 Mondeo yet broadening the choice of Ford models available with less than 140g/km CO2.

No P ark

Active Park Assist
How It Works 1 The driver activates the system by pressing a center console button, which activates ultrasonic sensors that measure and identify a feasible parking space. 2 The system then prompts the driver to accept parking assistance. The steering system then takes over and steers the car into the parking space hands-free. The driver still shifts the transmission and operates the gas and brake pedals. 3 visual and/or audible driver notification advises the driver about the proximity A of other cars and objects and provides instructions. While the steering is all done automatically, the driver remains responsible for safe parking and can interrupt the system by grasping the steering wheel.

SYNC Overview

Ford SYNC , developed with Microsoft, is an advanced software platform that provides consumers the convenience and flexibility to bring digital media players and Bluetooth-enabled mobile phones into their vehicles and operate the devices via voice commands or with the steering wheels redundant radio controls.
Voice-activated, hands-free calling
Simply press the Push to Talk button on the steering wheel, and then say the name of the person you wish to call. SYNC automatically will connect with the names in the mobile phones contact list.

911 Assist

When a phone is properly paired, turned on and connected to SYNC which is designed to happen every time the driver enters the vehicle with his or her cell phone the system will be ready to assist in placing a call directly to a local 911 emergency operator should an air bag-deploying accident occur.

Voice-activated music

SYNCs advanced voice recognition technology means when you are ready to use your phone or digital music player, just speak simple voice commands. Browse the music collection on your digital media player, mobile phone or USB drive by genre, album, artist and song title using simple voice commands, such as Play genre Rock, Play , or Play Track.
Advanced calling features
SYNC includes the same features offered on mobile phones, including caller ID, call waiting, conference calling, a caller log, contact list, signal strength icon, and a phone battery charge icon all conveniently located on the radios display screen.

Audible text messages

When paired to a capable Bluetoothenabled phone, SYNC will convert text messages from your phone to audio and read them out loud. You can choose to reply from any of 20 predefined responses.

Ring tone support

SYNC will play personal ring tones for supported phones. If you have configured unique ring tones to identify specific callers, SYNC automatically will play those, too.
Multilingual intelligence
SYNC is fluent in English, French and Spanish.
Automatic phonebook transfer
SYNC automatically and wirelessly will transfer all the names and numbers in a mobile phonebook.
Vehicle Health Report (VHR)
To create a health report, SYNC will gather relevant information from the major vehicle control modules and send it to Ford via the customers mobile phone. The information automatically is analyzed by Ford, a report is created and notification is sent via text message or e-mail, based on customer preference.
Uninterrupted connections
No need to hang up in the middle of a cell phone call as you enter your vehicle. Simply touch the Telephone Button on the steering wheel, and SYNC instantly will connect to a Bluetooth phone.

2010 Ford Taurus SHO

WHATS NEW: SYNC WITH TRAFFIC, DIRECTIONS AND INFORMATION
Fords newest generation system SYNC with Traffic, Directions and Information leverages industry-leading voice-recognition software, integrated GPS technology and a customers Bluetooth-capable mobile phone. Debuting this summer, it will provide simple hands-free access to personalized traffic reports, precise turn-by-turn driving directions and up-to-date information including business listings, news, sports and weather.

Traffic

YNCs new traffic feature literally will S save drivers time and money by providing personalized traffic reports based on best-inclass content. Users can receive traffic alerts via a text message, including the location and severity of accidents or new road construction, or they ca visit www.syncmyride.com to see the latest traffic conditions around the country.

Directions

rivers requesting directions now can use a D variety of search criteria including a 14-million-plus business directory to find a destination, such as a movie theater. Through a set of conversational voice commands, the user need only speak the name, category or nearest. urn-by-turn directions are downloaded to the T vehicle and are spoken to the user over the vehicles audio system and displayed on the radio. ike the new traffic service, directions incorporate L real-time traffic information n case of a road closure or unexpected detour.

Information

Drivers can personalize and categorize their favorite media topics using voice commands or through www.syncmyride.com, such as: ersonalized sports reports featuring scores and P highlights for most professional and college teams. urrent weather conditions and forecasts based on C city, state or zip code. ews of all types entertainment, business, top N stories, sports and technology.

2010 F-150 SVT Raptor

Ford, the definitive leader in tough trucks, is further building on its solid foundation of the new F-150 to deliver the all-new 2010 F-150 SVT Raptor, a purpose-built, high-performance off-road truck versatile enough to take on the most challenging desert adventures as well as the everyday commute. Noticeable differences between the Ford F-150 SVT Raptor and conventional F-150 include a distinctive grille that has the Ford name carved into it; front bumper, vented hood, front fascia and fenders, functional hood extractors, fender extractors with SVT bored out, as well as visible FOX Racing Shox, the only internal bypass shocks available on a street truck. While the exterior design of the F-150 SVT Raptor is about creating an image, the interior design is about creating the feel of the truck, and both must complement each other. The steering wheel is wrapped in black leather and features a molten-orange leather strip that serves as a centering sight line which is especially useful in extreme driving maneuvers that can often cause the driver to lose perspective of the steering wheels center point. The Ford F-150 SVT Raptor is powered by the F-150s proven 5.4-liter Triton V-8 three-valve engine, which delivers 320 horsepower and 390 ft.-lb. of torque. new 6.2-liter V-8 engine will be available after launch. The 6.2-liter engine features all-new A architecture specifically designed for robustness in a truck application. Building a high-performance off-road truck is not about the horsepower its about the suspension. The F-150 SVT Raptor doesnt disappoint, with 13.4-inches of usable travel in the rear suspension and 11.2 in the front. BASE MSRP PRICE: $38,995 - $50,365 Showroom: $42,020 FUEL ECONOMY: 14 mpg city/22 hwy

THIS VEHICLE IS EQUIPPED WITH:
Technologies: AdvanceTrac with RSC (Roll Stability Control ), Trailer Sway Control, Integrated Trailer Brake Controller, Electronic Locking Differential, Hill Descent Control, Off-Road Mode, Auxiliary Switch Board

Ford GT

he original Ford GT40 was a pure race car, built in the mid-1960s to take on Ferrari T in the demanding 24-hour race at Le Mans. The Ford GT40 race car beat the worlds best in endurance racing, placing 1-2-3 at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1966 and winning the next three consecutive years. he most recent Ford GT is more than 18-inches longer and stands nearly 4-inches T taller. Its lines draw upon and refine the best features of Ford GT40 history and express the cars identity through modern proportion and surface development. n the tradition of original Ford GT40 racers, the doors cuts into the roof. I he rear-wheel wells, filled with 19-inch wheels and tires, define the rear of the car, T while the accent line from the front cowl rejoins and finishes the cars profile at the integrated ducktail spoiler. he interior design incorporates the novel ventilated seats and instrument layout T of the original car, with straightforward analog gauges and a large tachometer. Modern versions of the original cars toggle switches operate key systems.

2010 Shelby GT500

he new 2010 Ford Shelby GT500 delivers the most power and refinement ever for a T Ford SVT-tuned performance Mustang and a few surprises, too. he 2010 Shelby GT500 delivers more horsepower and more torque than the outgoing model; T it is powered by a supercharged and intercooled 5.4-liter dual-overhead camshaft (DOHC) V-8 engine producing 540 horsepower and 510 ft.-lb. of torque. he Shelbys open-element air induction system features a conical air filter instead of a flat-panel T closed system to reduce air restriction. A cold-air intake feeds the coolest air possible directly into the air box, helping further increase horsepower. he Shelbys distinct sounds will be apparent as always, though with new refinements, T due to the work of the Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) team. Driving dynamics also are improved, thanks to SVTs signature chassis tuning as well as new 19-inch Goodyear F1 Supercar tires and forged aluminum wheels on the 2010 Shelby GT500 coupe (18-inch on the convertible). nother obvious difference for the Shelby is the addition of racing stripes, which also will now A be available on the convertible. Rounding out the Shelbys exterior modifications are the unique signature coiled Cobra badges on the front grille and front fenders, a more aggressive front splitter and lower-drag rear spoiler, which added to improved aerodynamic features. ven the classic white shift knob an icon of Shelby Mustang DNA from years past received E special attention. It combines the racing-stripes theme with the traditional H pattern found on shifters to create a one-of-a-kind knob. BASE MSRP PRICE: $48,175; $56,270 Showroom: $52,745 FUEL ECONOMY: 14 mpg city/22 hwy

Ford SYNC SYNC: 911 Assist SYNC: Vehicle Health Report Voice-Activated Navigation with SIRIUS Travel Link
EasyFuel Capless FuelFiller System
Other Technologies: AdvanceTrac , Auto Headlamp, Ambient Lighting System with MyColor

2010 Lincoln MKT

tandard on every Lincoln MKT is the brands signature design complete with a split wing grille, a S beveled chamfer along the vehicles shoulder line, a flowing cantrail that frames the greenhouse and full-width horizontal taillamps that span the subtly curved weight-saving magnesium liftgate adding visual character while protecting generous rear cargo space. nside, high-quality materials and precision-stitched craftsmanship are evident on every I surface from the leather-trimmed seating surfaces and floating armrests to the standard jewel-like acrylic instrument cluster with LED white lighting. he Lincoln MKT offers two fuel-efficient engine choices in Fords proven 268 horsepower 3.7-liter T V-6 or the new 3.5-liter V-6 EcoBoost engine that delivers a class-leading 355 horsepower, without compromising its V-6 fuel economy. incoln MKT is equipped with a six-speed SelectShift Automatic transmission. This offers L the driver a choice between fully automatic operation and manual control. Unlike other competitive transmissions, SelectShift wont second guess the driver with an override shift.
incoln MKT delivers a new level of quiet confidence that aims for best-in-class levels of NVH control. L BASE MSRP PRICE: $44,200 - $60,855 Showroom: $44,224 FUEL ECONOMY: FWD: 17 mpg city/23 hwy; AWD: 16 mpg city/23 hwy; EcoBoost AWD: 16 mpg city/22 hwy
Voice-Activated Navigation with SIRIUS Travel Link
EasyFuel Capless FuelFiller System Rear View Camera System Adaptive Cruise Control Intelligent Access with Push Button Start Blind Spot Information System (BLIS) SYNC: 911 Assist SecuriCode Keyless Entry Keypad Cross Traffic Alert

Lincoln SYNC

SYNC: Vehicle Health Report

Auto High Beams

Rain-Sensing Wipers
Other Technologies: Active Park Assist, Electric Power Assist Steering (EPAS), Spotter Mirrors, Navigation Package, THX II Certified 5.1 Surround Audio System, Neural Surround